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W European History

Latest Contributing Articles


 		Philosophers of Ancient Greece
Socrates, Aristotle and Plato's philosophies all attempt to solve different existential questions.
Women As Santa Claus Figures in Europe
Not all legendary Christmas gift givers are male. In some European countries, female Santa figures deliver gifts on various dates during the holiday season.
Male Aphrodisiac, Food for Love
Venus, goddess of sensual love, inspired a Florentine chemist to make a biscuit recipe, a secret food for love to increase male potency.
The Nazi Death Camp Sobibor, Poland
The Sobibor death camp was purposely built during the Second World to exterminate the Jews living in Poland and other Nazi-occupied territories
The Nazi Death Camp Belzec, Poland
The Belzec death camp was purposely constructed during the Second World War with the specific task of exterminating the Jews of Poland and other Nazi-occupies territories
The Nazi Death Camp Treblinka, Poland
The Treblinka death camp was purposely built during the Second World War to exterminate the Jews of Poland and other Nazi-occupied territories.
Operation Reinhard and the Nazi Death Camps
Operation Reinhard was the name given to the Nazi's plan to exterminate the Jewish population of the Generalgouvernment district of Poland.
Christmas in Norway
Christmas traditions in Norway include Advent, Christmas Trees with the Norwegian flag, Christmas gnomes and lutefisk, a national fish dish.
The Search for the Sea Route to Asia
Fifteenth century Portuguese navigators sailed into the unknown to find a sea route to Asia around the coast of Africa. The venture took them eighty years to complete.
The Rise of Germany in the 19th Century
Until the late 19th Century, Germany was a mass of small independent states - until, that is, they were united under the leadership of ambitious, warlike Prussia.
A New Zeitgeist for Berlin
20 years after the fall of the Wall, Germany looks ahead.
Great Writers of the 19th Century
The 19th century was a time of great social and intellectual change. Many new topics were discussed, such as the sufferings of the poor or cruelty in everyday life.
Italian City-States of the Early Renaissance
Italy has long been credited as the birthplace of the European Renaissance. However, during the early years of the Renaissance, much of Italy was at war.
The Great Exhibition and the Age of Inventions
In the 19th century, machines were changing everyday life in many important ways. This led to a widespread craze for all kinds of machines and all things mechanical.
19th Century Advances in Medicine
In the 19th century, it was possible for whole families to die from diseases such as cholera, typhoid and smallpox and giving birth was a risk for both mother and child.
Nazis Go on Trial in Nuremberg, Germany
German Chancellor Adolf Hitler and SS chief Heinrich Himmler had committed suicide earlier to avoid being captured and put on trial for their crimes during World War II.
King Christian IX of Denmark's Descendants
King Christian IX of Denmark's descendants have sat on the thrones of eleven countries, and still rule Denmark, Great Britain, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Spain.
1848 The Year of Revolutions
In 1848, several revolutions broke out in Europe as despotic rulers were confronted with popular demands for liberal constitutions and more democratic government.
The Early History of Christmas Cards
English entrepreneur Henry Cole commissioned John Collet Horsley to create the first Christmas card in 1843, not knowing that they would create a Christmas tradition.
The Foundations of Modern Science
Between about 1550 and 1700, knowledge and understanding of the sciences underwent colossal upheavals as ideas sanctioned by the Christian Church were challenged.
The Dangers of Ocean Exploration
When Christopher Columbus set out in 1492 to seek a route to the riches of Asia, there was much that was misunderstood about the world and the seas outside Europe.
The Bernadotte Dynasty of Sweden
When King Carl XIV Johan, formerly Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, became the first Bernadotte king of Sweden, he began a royal dynasty that is still in power today.
The History of the Azores
The Azores are an archipelago of nine lush islands which lie almost in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, a fact which has caused them to have an unusual history.
Berlin Wall Crumbles After 28 Years
The Berlin Wall, which stood as a symbol of the Cold War, came tumbling down in 1989, and led to a reunited Germany and the collapse of Communism in Europe.
Why Germans Supported Hitler in 1933
The appeal of Hitler and the Nazi Party may have had more to do with addressing the national malaise and humiliation than unemployment and Depression.
Motives for Imperialism in the 19th Century
By 1900 few areas of Africa and Asia remained independent of European and U.S. control and influence as the motives for imperialism compelled the exploitation of nations.
The First Bernadotte King of Sweden
King Carl XIII was the last Holstein-Gottorp ruler of Sweden, and was succeeded by Jean Baptiste Bernadotte as King Carl XIV Johann, beginning a new royal dynasty.
Remembering Georg Elser
On October 27, 2009, the City of Munich inaugurated an unusual kind of sculpture to commemorate Elser's bold plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler in 1939.
Adolf Hitler's On-Going Popularity with Students
The Third Reich is a frequent topic of student history papers yet the themes often point to a subtle fascination with Hitler and the trappings of National Socialism.
Cumaean Sibyl – The Power of Prophecy
In ancient times certain women were thought to possess the 'god given' power of prophecy; they were known as the 'Sibyls'.
History of Gunpowder Plot, Reformation and Wars
Some history leading up to Guy Fawkes & Gunpowder Plot. Reformation in Europe, Intrigue, Espionage, Murderous Priests, KIngs & Queens at War in England, France & Spain.
How Finland Almost Became a Monarchy
Finland asked Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse to be its king once it gained independence from Russia, but eventually decided to become a republic.
The End of the Oldenburg Dynasty in Denmark
King Frederick VII was the last Oldenburg king of Denmark, and was succeeded by King Christian IX who began the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg dynasty.
Protestant Roots in the Danish West Indies
Danish merchants first colonized the islands now known as St. Thomas and St. John in 1672, and created colonies for various denominations of Protestants, among others.
Michael Servetus and an Uneasy Peace
The Spanish thinker was burnt alive in Calvin's Geneva in 1553. As Calvin's 500th birthday festivities wind down, some believe Servet got yet another raw deal.
The Nazi Concentration Camp Mauthausen, Austria
Mauthausen Concentration Camp was opened in 1938 in Austria; just a few months after the Anschluss. It was the Nazi's first camp outside of Germany.
The Nazi Concentration Camp Neuengamme
Neuengamme Concentration Camp was opened in late 1938 initially as sub-camp of the Sachsenhausen camp, by mid-1940 Neuengamme was established as a main camp.
Women and the Reformation
The accepted view that the Protestant Reformation damaged the status of women is challenged by views that uplift the marriage role & criticize medieval assumptions.
Women's Patronage in the Early Catholic Church
The role of patronage in the Christian tradition has its roots in the history of the martyrs during the Roman period.
Huguenot Street's Historical Halloween Event
Historic Huguenot Street becomes haunted on Halloween by scary tales unearthed from New Paltz' past and folk tales of its Dutch and Native American ancestors.
Historical Justification for Racism
From the 16th century to the 20th century it was quite respectable to hold racist opinions that horrify all decent people today.
The Battle of Trafalgar
On 21 October 1805 Admiral Nelson achieved his most spectacular naval victory only to lose his life. Every year the event is commemorated on Trafalgar Day.
Leitz Family Historian – Rabbi Frank Dabba Smith
Frank Dabba Smith's enthusiasm for Leica cameras led him to research the wartime altruism of Ernst Leitz II who aided the escape of Jews and non-Jews from Nazi Germany.
The Nazi Concentration Camp Ravensbruck
Ravensbruck was one of a number of Concentration Camps built by the Nazis before the Second World War.
Napoleon Bonapartes Egyptian Propaganda Campaign
Revolutionary France's concerns with their arch political and economic rival, England, moved her to consider furthering colonial and strategic opportunities in Egypt.
The Scientific Revolution and Catholicism
The Scientific Revolution and the subsequent Enlightenment offered radically different answers to long established Church tradition and teaching.
Causes of World War I
The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand is credited with starting WWI. However, nationalism, colonialism and economic rivalries were all causes of World War I.
Early French Exploration of Egyptian Design
Egypt and her aesthetic were familiar to the French prior to the explosive entry of Napoleon Bonaparte and the discoveries of his Egyptian Campaign expeditionary forces.
Nazi Concentration Camp Flossenburg
Flossenburg was one of a number of Concentration Camps built by the Nazis in Germany before the Second World War.
The Lost Roman Legions
Under the leadership of Hermann, the German tribesmen wiped out three Roman Legions, ending Rome's bid to conquer Germany and altering European history permanently.